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	<title>ilmu pengetahuan site &#187; software</title>
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	<description>lets share knowledge that we can develop ours</description>
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		<title>etika komputer</title>
		<link>http://majumapan.com/sharing-knowledge/the-ten-commandments-of-computer-ethics</link>
		<comments>http://majumapan.com/sharing-knowledge/the-ten-commandments-of-computer-ethics#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 21 Apr 2010 06:05:42 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>divine gift</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[sharing knowledge]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[command]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[designing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[gunakan komputer]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[jangan mengganggu]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[software]]></category>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://majumapan.com/?p=1028</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[ 

 

By. Computer Etichs Intitute 
Jangan menggunakan komputer untuk menyakiti orang lain. (Thou shalt not use a computer to harm other people.) 
Jangan mengganggu ...]]></description>
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<mce:style><!   /* Style Definitions */  table.MsoNormalTable 	{mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; 	mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; 	mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; 	mso-style-noshow:yes; 	mso-style-priority:99; 	mso-style-qformat:yes; 	mso-style-parent:""; 	mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; 	mso-para-margin-top:0in; 	mso-para-margin-right:0in; 	mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; 	mso-para-margin-left:0in; 	line-height:115%; 	mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 	font-size:11.0pt; 	font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; 	mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; 	mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} --></p>
<p><!--[endif]--></p>
<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves /> <w:TrackFormatting /> <w:PunctuationKerning /> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas /> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF /> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables /> <w:SnapToGridInCell /> <w:WrapTextWithPunct /> <w:UseAsianBreakRules /> <w:DontGrowAutofit /> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark /> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp /> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables /> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx /> <w:Word11KerningPairs /> <w:CachedColBalance /> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math" /> <m:brkBin m:val="before" /> <m:brkBinSub m:val=" " /> 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SemiHidden="false"    UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"    UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"    UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"    UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"    UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"    UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"    UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"    UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" 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Priority="37" Name="Bibliography" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading" /> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--> <!--[if gte mso 10]><br />
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB">By. Computer Etichs Intitute</span><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB">Jangan menggunakan komputer untuk menyakiti orang lain. (Thou shalt not use a computer to harm other people.) </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB">Jangan mengganggu pekerjaan komputer orang lain.<br />
(Thou shalt not interfere with other peopleÂ´s computer work.) </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB">Jangan mengintip file komputer orang lain. (Thou shalt not snoop around in other people´s computer files.) </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB">Jangan menggunakan komputer untuk mencuri. ([Thou shalt not use a computer to steal.)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB">Jangan menggunakan komputer untuk memberikan saksi dusta. (Thou shalt not use a computer to bear false witness.) </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB">Jangan menggunakan software sebelum anda membayar copyrightnya.(Thou shalt not copy or use proprietary software for which you have not paid.)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB">Jangan menggunakan sumber daya komputer orang lain tanpa otorisasi atau kompensasi yang wajar. (Thou shalt not use other peopleÂ´s computer resorces without authorization or proper compensation.)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB">Jangan membajak hasil kerja intelek orang lain. (Thou shalt not appropriate other people´s intellectual output.) </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB">Pikirkan konsekuensi sosial dari program atau sistem yang sedang anda buat atau rancang. (Thou shalt think about the social consequences of the program you are writing or the system you are designing.)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB">Gunakan komputer dengan pertimbangan penuh tanggungjawab dan rasa hormat kepada sesama manusia.<span> </span>(Thou shalt always use a computer in ways that insure consideration and respect for your fellow humans)</span></p>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>pekerjaan dibidang teknologi informasi</title>
		<link>http://majumapan.com/sharing-knowledge/pekerjaan-dibidang-teknologi-informasi</link>
		<comments>http://majumapan.com/sharing-knowledge/pekerjaan-dibidang-teknologi-informasi#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 22 Jan 2010 15:53:44 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>divine gift</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[sharing knowledge]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[pekerjaan]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[pekerjaan ti]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[programmer]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[software]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://majumapan.com/?p=778</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[ 
Pekerjaan di bidang TI terbagi dalam 4 kelompok :
Kelompok pertama, adalah mereka yang bergelut di dunia perangkat lunak (software)
Yang termasuk kelompok ini adalah :
¡ ...]]></description>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-GB">Pekerjaan di bidang TI terbagi dalam 4 kelompok :</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><strong><span lang="SV">Kelompok pertama</span></strong><span lang="SV">, adalah mereka yang bergelut di dunia perangkat lunak (software)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span lang="SV">Yang termasuk kelompok ini adalah :</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings;" lang="SV"><span>¡<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; -x-system-font: none;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV"> Sistem analis, merupakan orang yang bertugas menganalisa sistem yang akan diimplementasikan, mulai dari menganalisa sistem yang ada, tentang kelebihan dan kekurangannya, sampai studi kelayakan dan desain sistem yang akan dikembangkan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings;" lang="SV"><span>¡<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; -x-system-font: none;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV">Programmer, merupakan orang yang bertugas mengimplementasikan rancangan sistem analis yaitu membuat program (baik aplikasi maupun sistem operasi) sesuai sistem yang dianalisa sebelumnya.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings;" lang="SV"><span>¡<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; -x-system-font: none;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV">Web designer adalah orang yang melakukan kegiatan perecanaan, termasuk studi kelayakan, analisis dan desain terhadap suatu proyek pembuatan aplikasi berbasis web.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings;" lang="SV"><span>¡<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; -x-system-font: none;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV">Web programmer orang yang bertugas mengimplementasikan rancangan web designer yaitu membuat program berbasis web sesuai desain yang telah dirancang sebelumnya.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><strong><span lang="SV">Kelompok kedua</span></strong><span lang="SV">, adalah mereka yang bergelut di bidang perangkat keras (hardware).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span lang="FI">Pada lingkungan kelompok ini terdapat pekerjaanpekerjaan seperti :</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings;" lang="FI"><span>¡<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; -x-system-font: none;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI">Technical enginer, sering juga disebut sebagai teknisi yaitu orang yang berkecimpung dalam bidang teknik baik mengenai pemeliharaan maupun perbaikan perangkat sistem komputer</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings;" lang="FI"><span>¡<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; -x-system-font: none;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI">Networking Engineer, adalah orang yang berkecimpung dalam bidang teknis jaringan komputer dari maintenance sampai pada <em>troubleshooting</em>-nya</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><strong><span lang="SV">Kelompok ketiga</span></strong><span lang="SV">, adalah mereka yang berkecimpung dalam operasional sistem informasi.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span lang="SV">Yang termasuk dalam kelompok ini adalah :</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings;" lang="SV"><span>¡<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; -x-system-font: none;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV">EDP Operator, adalah orang yang bertugas untuk mengoperasikan program-program yang berhubungan dengan <em>electronic data processing </em>dalam lingkungan sebuah perusahaan atau organisasi lainnya.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings;" lang="SV"><span>¡<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; -x-system-font: none;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV">System Administrator, merupakan orang yang bertugas melakukan administrasi terhadap sistem, melakukan pemeliharaan sistem, memiliki kewenangan mengatur hak akses terhadap sistem, serta hal-hal lain yang berhubungan dengan pengaturan operasional sebuah sistem.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings;" lang="SV"><span>¡<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; -x-system-font: none;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV">MIS Director, merupakan orang yang memiliki wewenang paling tinggi terhadap sebuah sistem informasi, melakukan manajemen terhadap sistem tersebut secara keseluruhan baik hardware, software maupun sumber daya manusianya.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><strong><span lang="SV">Kelompok yang keempa</span></strong><em><span lang="SV">t</span></em><span lang="SV">, adalah mereka yang berkecimpung dipengembangan bisnis Teknologi Informasi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span lang="SV">Pada bagian ini, pekerjaan diidentifikasikan oleh pengelompokan kerja di berbagai sektor di industri Teknologi Informasi.</span></p>
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		<title>software</title>
		<link>http://majumapan.com/sharing-knowledge/software</link>
		<comments>http://majumapan.com/sharing-knowledge/software#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 20 May 2009 22:27:48 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>divine gift</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[sharing knowledge]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[billgates]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[hardware]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[history]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[linux]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[mikro]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[sejarah]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[sisitemoperasi]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[software]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[unix]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[windows]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://majumapan.com/?p=191</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[ software : free download here
Perangkat lunak (software) adalah perangkat abstrak yang merupakan bagian utama selain hardware dari sistem komputer. Tanpa suatu software, komputer adalah ...]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://teknologiinformasionline.wordpress.com"><img class="alignleft" src="http://tbn1.google.com/images?q=tbn:YfCJ0iqym7FYIM:http://www.cartoonstock.com/newscartoons/cartoonists/cga/lowres/cgan464l.jpg" alt="" width="117" height="124" /></a><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning /> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas /> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables /> <w:SnapToGridInCell /> <w:WrapTextWithPunct /> <w:UseAsianBreakRules /> <w:DontGrowAutofit /> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--> <span lang="IN">software : <a title="download aja" href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/4833663/KonsepSoftware.rtf.html " target="_blank">free download here</a></span></p>
<p><span lang="IN">Perangkat lunak (<em>software</em>) adalah perangkat abstrak yang merupakan bagian utama selain hardware dari sistem komputer. </span>Tanpa suatu software, komputer adalah sebuah rongsokan elektronik, yang tidak berguna sama sekali. Hardware komputer akan “hidup” dan memiliki fungsi jika digunakan bersama-sama dengan software-nya.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Bentuk paling primitif dari Perangkat lunak adalah menggunakan aljabar Boolean, yang direpresentasikan dalam <em>binary digit</em> (bit), yaitu bernilai 1 (benar/<em>on</em>) atau 0 (salah/<em>off</em>), yang kemudian dikelompokkan menjadi 4-bit (<em>nible</em>), 8-bit (<em>byte</em>), 16-bit (<em>word</em>), 32-bit (<em>double</em> <em>word</em>), 64-bit, dan seterusnya. </span>Dari dasar bilangan biner<span> </span>itulah sebuah program assembler dibentuk untuk membuat software-software yang lain.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Jadi perangkat lunak yang ada hingga saat ini konsep dasarnya dibentuk dari<span> </span>sebuah kode-kode biner yang kemudian di kemas dalam sebuah bahasa mesin (<em>machine language</em>), bahasa assembler, bahasa C, dan sebagainya, hingga menjadi software-software yang mudah dimanfaatkan oleh pengguna komputer.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN"> <span id="more-191"></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Evolusi perangkat lunak secara garis besar dibedakan menjadi era sebelum adanya komputer dan setelah adanya komputer. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Era perangkat lunak sebelum adanya komputer di bedakan menjadi dua era yaitu :<strong></strong></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;"><strong><span lang="IN">Era primitif</span></strong><span lang="IN"> (<span style="text-decoration: underline;">+</span> 300 SM), dimana perangkat lunak dibuat dengan melakukan petunjuk-petunjuk sederhana dengan menggunakan kode-kode gerak sejenis <em>semaphore</em>. <strong></strong></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;"><strong><span lang="IN">Era Mekanis</span></strong><span lang="IN"> (1840-an – 1930-an) yang diterapkan pada peralatan <em>Analytical Engine</em> dan pemakaian mesin kartu plong (<em>punch card</em>).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Sedangkan era perangkat lunak setelah adanya komputer yang berarti menggunakan teknologi elektronis dibedakan menjadi :<strong></strong></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;"><strong><span lang="IN">Era Pioner</span></strong><span lang="IN"> (1940 – 1960), bentuk perangkat lunak masih berupa sambungan-sambungan kabel ke antar bagian komputer dan berbentuk kartu <em>punch</em> (plong). </span>Ciri-ciri lain dari era pioneer ini adalah masih menggunakan proses yang terkelompok (<em>batch</em>), distribusi terbatas, dan diproduksi untuk keperluan khusus.<strong></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;"><strong>Era Stabil</strong> (1960-1980), komputer sudah diproduksi secara massal dan perangkat lunak sudah bisa menjalankan beberapa fungsi proses secara serampak (<em>multitasking</em>). Ciri yang lain dapat digunakan untuk menyelesaikan banyak pengguna (<em>multi user</em>) secara cepat dan langsung (<em>real time</em>), produk software bisa digunakan secara terpisah, sudah menggunakan sistem database.<strong></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify;"><strong>Era Mikro</strong> (1980 -1990) , perangkat lunak diproduksi untuk kebutuhan komputer jaringan (<em>networking</em>) dan tersebar (<em>distributed</em>), harganya murah sehingga banyak digunakan untuk kebutan pribadi (<em>home</em>), bersifat automasi untuk kecerdasan buatan (<em>artifical intelegent</em>).<strong></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify;"><strong>Era Modern </strong>(1990 &#8211; ? ), memiliki ciri perangkat lunak berbasis multimedia, desktop dan <em>portable</em>, berteknologi objek, sistem pakar, pemrosesan paralel, dan dapat berkomunikasi jaringan global.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span lang="IN">Software sistem operasi</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Jenis Software komputer dibagi menjadi software sistem operasi dan aplikasi. Software Aplikasi seperti bahasa pemrograman, software program aplikasi, software paket aplikasi, software utilitas, serta software games dan multimedia.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="NO-BOK">Perangkat lunak Sistem operasi (<em>operating system/</em>OS) mempunyai dua fungsi utama yakni:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Pengelolaan seluruh sumber daya sistem komputer (<em>resource manager</em>). Mengelola seluruh sumber daya yang terdapat pada sistem komputer baik fisik seperti monitor, processor, dan sebagainya,<span> </span>maupun non fisik (abstrak) yaitu data dan program.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Sistem operasi sebagai penyedia layanan (<em>extended/virtual machine</em>)<em> </em>, yaitu sistem operasi menyediakan sekumpulan layanan (disebut sistem <em>call</em>) ke pemakai sehingga memudahkan dan menyamankan penggunaan dan pemanfaatan sumber daya sistem komputer.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span lang="IN">Sistem operasi &#8211; history</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">1969<span> </span>UNIX lahir pada PDP-7<span> </span>, 1971<span> </span>UNIX Versi 1, pada DEC PDP-11/20<span> </span>, 1973<span> </span>UNIX Versi 4, dalam bahasa C, dibentuk kelompok PWB (Programmer&#8217;s<span> </span>Workbench) dan USG (UNIX<span> </span>Suport<span> </span>Group) , 1974<span> </span>UNIX Versi 5, untuk pendidikan<span> </span><span> </span>1975<span> </span>UNIX Versi 6, disebar ke litbang<span> </span>Universitas muncul versi BSD (Berkeley Software Distributions), 1979<span> </span>UNIX Versi 7, portable dan dilengkapi<span> </span>dengan<span> </span>kompiler C dan Bourne Shell<span> </span>1982<span> </span>UNIX System III, Gabungan PWB dan USG , 1983<span> </span><span> </span>UNIX System V, ditambahkan versi BSD,<span> </span>seperti vi dan C shell, Perkembangan selanjutnya yang sampai saat ini masih mendominasi pemakaian sistem operasi keturunan UNIX adalah dengan keluarnya<span>:<em> Digital UNIX, HP-UX, IBM AIX,</em> <em>Sun Solaris</em></span><em>, </em>dan lainnya. Sedangkan yang bersifat <em>Proprietary (</em>misalnya: <em><span>DIGITAL OpenVMS, IBM OS/400, SGI IRIX</span>, </em>dan lainnya).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Linux</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span lang="IN">Linux</span></strong><span lang="IN"> adalah sebuah program (sistem operasi) <em>open source </em>yang gratis dibawah lisensi GNU,<span> </span>sistem beroperasi<span> </span>pada 32-64 bit, yang merupakan turunan dari UNIX dan dapat dijalankan pada berbagai macam <em>platform </em>hardware mulai dari Intel (x86) hingga prosesor RISC.<span> </span>GNU (GNU&#8217;s Not Unix, GNU Bukan Unix). </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Beberapa alasan yang menjadikan sistem operasi Linux sangat terkenal pada saat ini adalah :</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="IN"><span>–<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; -x-system-font: none;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Bisa didapatkan secara gratis, dan di-<em>support</em> untuk pengembanan bebas di internet oleh siapapun. Bandingkan dengan harga software-software milik Microsoft, windows misalnya harganya selangit.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span>–<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; -x-system-font: none;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Fitur-fiturnya semakin lengkap, dengan tampilan yang <em>windows-oriented</em> (GUI) sehingga semakin mudah digunakan (<em>user friendly</em>).</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span>–<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; -x-system-font: none;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Berjalan di berbagai <em>platform</em> termasuk Intel.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="SV"><span>–<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; -x-system-font: none;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="NO-BOK">Di Dukung software program dan utilitas yang semakin lengkap.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="SV"><span>–<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; -x-system-font: none;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV">Dapat berinteroperasi secara baik dengan sistem operasi yang lain, termasuk Apple, Microsoft dan Novell. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span>–<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; -x-system-font: none;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV">bersifat multi user, multi tasking, dan internet base.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span>–<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; -x-system-font: none;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->sistem keamanan<span> </span>jaringan dan data yang lebih baik.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span>–<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; -x-system-font: none;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Berjalan pada sistem arsitektur 16/32-bit.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span>–<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; -x-system-font: none;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Banyak variant dari Linux, sehingga kita bisa leluasa memilihnya.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span>–<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; -x-system-font: none;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Karena merupakan sistem operasi bebas dan dukungan para penggemar linux,<span> </span>linux berkembang sangat cepat<span> </span>apalagi bangsa-bangsa dinegara maju seperti eropa hampir kebanyakan memanfaatkan Linux dibanding windows.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Linux history</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">Sejarah </span>Linux itu sendiridimulai pada tahun 1991, ketika mahasiswa <em>Universitas Helsinki</em>, Finlandia bernama <strong><em>Linus Benedict Torvalds</em></strong> menulis Linux, sebuah kernel untuk prosesor 80386, prosesor 32-bit pertama dalam kumpulan CPU intel yang cocok untuk PC. Logo Linux yang digunakan adalah<span> </span><strong>Tux</strong> atau penguin, digunakan penguin sebagai logo ceritanya saat <strong><em>Torvald </em></strong>berjalan-jalan dengan rekannya <strong><em>Andrew Tridgell </em></strong>(penyusun <strong>samba</strong>, yaitu sebuah program yang memungkinkan mesin UNIX termasuk linux berkomunikasi dengan windows dalam sebuah jaringan), tiba-tiba <strong><em>Torvald </em></strong>dipatok pingun, dan semenjak itu ia mengalami demam berhari-hari. Dia berpikir, bahwa karakter itu yang cocok untuk mewakili Linux.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">Linux bisa didapatkan dalam berbagai distribusi (sering disebut Distro). <strong>Distro</strong> adalah bundel dari kernel Linux, beserta sistem dasar linux, program instalasi, <em>tools basic</em>, dan program-program lain yang bermanfaat sesuai dengan tujuan pembuatan distro. Ada banyak sekali distro Linux, diantaranya :<strong>RedHa</strong>t</span><span lang="IN">, </span><strong><span lang="SV">Debian</span></strong><strong><span lang="IN">, </span></strong><strong><span lang="SV">Slackwar</span></strong><span lang="SV">e</span><span lang="IN">, </span><strong><span lang="SV">SuS</span></strong><span lang="SV">E</span><span lang="IN">, </span><strong><span lang="SV">Mandrake</span></strong><strong><span lang="IN">, </span></strong><strong><span lang="SV">WinLinux, Caldera, Turbo Linux dan masih banyak distro-distro lainnya yang telah tersedia maupun yang akan muncul.</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span lang="SV"> </span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">windows</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Milik Perusahaan Microsoft, yang dipimpin </span><em><span lang="SV">William Bill Gates</span></em><span lang="IN">.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Ciri utama </span><span lang="SV">sistem operasi</span><span lang="IN"> Windows adalah</span><span lang="SV"> berbasis GUI (<em>Graphical User Interface</em>)</span><span lang="IN"> sehingga mudah digunakan (dioperasikan). Dimulai Win3.x berbasis 16 bit, winNT 32 bit, hingga XP 64 bit.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Perangkat lunak aplikasi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span lang="IN"> </span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Bahasa Pemrograman. Bahasa pemrograman adalah bahasa yang digunakan untuk memprogram komputer, yang dibagi menjadi tiga level bahasa yaitu :</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="IN"><span>–<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; -x-system-font: none;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><strong>bahasa tingkat rendah (<em>low level language</em>), </strong><strong><span lang="IN">contoh </span>bahasa mesin (<em>machine language</em>)</strong><strong></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="IN"><span>–<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; -x-system-font: none;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><strong>bahasa tingkat menengah (<em>middle level language</em>)</strong><strong><span lang="IN"> contoh Assembler</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="IN"><span>–<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; -x-system-font: none;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><strong><span lang="IN">bahasa tingkat tinggi (<em>high level language</em>) contoh Pascal, C, Fortran, COBOL, BASIC, kemudian bahasa yang berbasis XBase, Visual, .NET, dll.</span></strong><span lang="IN"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Paket Aplikasi. Merupakan software aplikasi yang berupa paket dengan tujuan khusus. seperti MS-Word, MS-Excel, Corel Draw, PhotoShop, dan masih banyak lagi. </span></p>
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		<item>
		<title>Perangkat lunak (software)</title>
		<link>http://majumapan.com/teknologi-informasi/perangkat-lunak-software</link>
		<comments>http://majumapan.com/teknologi-informasi/perangkat-lunak-software#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2009 08:21:53 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>divine gift</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[teknologi informasi]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[komputer]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[software]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://majumapan.com/?p=66</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[komputer adalah suatu perangkat yang berisi serangkaian instruksi, program, prosedur, pengendali, pendukung, dan aktifitas-aktifitas pengolahan perintah pada sistem komputer. Jadi software merupakan komponen abstrak dari ...]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FI">komputer adalah suatu perangkat yang berisi serangkaian instruksi, program, prosedur, pengendali, pendukung, dan aktifitas-aktifitas pengolahan perintah pada sistem komputer. Jadi <em>software </em>merupakan komponen abstrak dari susunan sistem komputer. Tanpa <em>software</em>, komputer adalah rongsokan elektronik, jadi komputer adalah susunan atas hardware dan software yang saling bekerjasama. </span><span lang="SV">Hardware komputer akan “hidup” dan memiliki fungsi jika digunakan bersama-sama dengan <em>software</em>-nya.</span><span lang="SV"> </span></p>
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